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National and international organizations are reacting to these concerns, devoting resources to study problems of pollution and contamination by leaking pollutants, and to search for solutions. This raises widespread public concern for both, the environment and for public health, on a global basis. Assessment of the problemsĮxpanding population and the general rise in the standard of living have a great impact on the environment. If these polluted environs contain contaminated ground water, polluted runoff, wastewater, or some other form of contamination, pathogen and contaminant intrusion into the pipeline through gaps, at low or negative pressure, is inevitable. Potable water transmission pipelines often pass through polluted environs. When the conveyed liquid is a potential pollutant, such as wastewater or fuel, discharge leakage could result in very serious pollution of ground water, surface water, soil, Leakage of conveyed liquids out of the pipeline can bring on financial losses and other damages. These leaking gaps are two-way breaches in the pipeline consistency, allowing conveyed liquids to leak out, and external fluids (both liquid and gas) and particles to intrude into the pipeline – for instance, at pressure drop. The transition from a small gap to a noticeable pipe rupture or burst may take many years, while the pipeline leaks. 25 The same can be said for wastewater systems.
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In the Professional and Technical Resources section of the American Water Works Association’s website, in a chapter titled “ Apparent and Real Losses ”, it is stated that: “ Many drinking water utilities around the world respond to leaks only after they receive a report of water erupting from a street or a complaint from a customerĪbout a damp basement”. Most of these gaps go unnoticed until they result in severe pipe ruptures and pipe bursts. Actually, many pipelines suffer from cracks and faulty joints, seals, and gaskets. This is especially true for aging pipes and pipes operated under severe and/or corrosive environments. Sometimes, even a brand new pipeline may not be homogeneous, and some segments of pipe wall may not be uniformly thick and/or uniformly strong all around the pipe’s circumference. In real life, though, this is not always the situation. Pipeline systems are usually designed assuming homogeneous construction and structural integrity of the pipes and accessories, assuring leak free, efficient operation. KEYWORDSĪir valve, air release valve, air vacuum valve, wastewater, pressure transients, surge, upsurge, down-surge, vaporous cavitation, cavitational hammer, leakage, leak, gap, contaminant infiltration, pathogen intrusion, contamination, pollution.
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Modern, well designed, often innovative air valves, with the help of modern design tools, such as air valve sizing, location, and specification software and advanced transient analysis software, can control and dampen transients and eliminate or limit their damages. The advantages of air valves as efficient and cost effective tools for the control of both, pressure transients, and their dangerous consequences, are often overlooked or unfamiliar. Water and soil polluted and contaminated by leaking wastewater can bring to pathogen and toxin intrusion into drinking water systems.Īll these repercussions of pressure transients have come, more and more, into the limelight in the past few years, and great efforts are being made to control them. Municipal and industrial wastewater leaking from transmission pipeline and force main systems damaged by pressure transients infiltrate, pollute, and contaminate ground and surface water, soil and the environment in which they pass, becoming dangerous health and environmental hazards and nuisances, spreading odor and providing havens for mosquitoes, flies, and other disease spreading insects. These damages result in leakage and in contaminant intrusion and their consequent economic, environmental, and public health repercussions. They cause joints to fracture or to come apart, they cause damage to seals and gaskets or cause them to shift out of their sealing positions. Pressure transients cause cracks and unseen small breaks in buried pipelines, pipe fittings, and accessories. But, there are many damages, far more widespread and often more dangerous, that are less obvious and attract less attention. Until recent years, most of the concern related to pressure transient damages was focused on the obvious extreme events of pipe burst or collapse that result in major spills or flooding. Pressure transients wreak very extensive damages to water and wastewater transmission systems.